游朝慶醫師
兩腳變黑後,若症狀持續惡化,很可能會合併有皮膚變厚變硬(fibrosis),如木板般堅硬,有點像硬皮症,如圖17.,其正式名稱為lipo-dermato-sclerosis(LDS),脂肪皮膚硬化症,舊稱為硬化萎縮性蜂窩性組織炎(sclerous atrophic cellulitis)、假性硬皮症(pseudo-scleroderma)、靜脈淤積性脂層炎(venous stasis panniculitis)或硬皮樣真皮下層炎(hypodermatitis sclerodermiformis),其為皮膚及皮下脂肪的慢性發炎(panniculitis,脂膜炎)導致纖維化(fibrosis)、脂肪變性(Fatty Degeneration;Steatosis)或疤痕化(scarring of the skin and fat),其為不可逆的變化。其在急性期也可能會會在腳踝附近出現發紅疼痛類似蜂窩性組織炎的變化1,區別在於LDS的紅痛是緩慢發生的,並會持續數周到數月,且通常會兩腳同時發作。圖17. stasis dermatitis with lipodermatosclerosis
LDS的症狀於1955年由Huriez等人首先報導2,但lipodermatosclerosis這專有名詞直到1982年才由Browse3命名。其形成機轉可能是慢性靜脈高壓使得fibrinogen由真皮層的血管滲出,並於微血管周圍形成纖維蛋白阻塞3(peri-capillary fibrin cuff,纖維蛋白袖口理論,fibrin cuff theory,纖維蛋白如袖口般繞在微血管的外圍),因LDS的病灶組織在直接免疫螢光檢查下,可以見到血管旁的纖維蛋白沈積4,5。Fibrin及fibrinogen會刺激纖維母細胞fibroblast過度生成膠原蛋白collagen,導致皮膚硬化或疤痕化6,且因為LDS會導致腳踝上面部位的脂肪組織萎縮,若患者的小腿本來較胖的話,就會因小腿下1/3部位萎縮,形成小腿上粗下細,如倒置的香檳瓶(inverted champagne bottle sign),如圖18.,但若患者原本較瘦,就不一定看得出差別。
圖18.倒置的香檳瓶,意會一下,因為我沒有這類病人,借用一下網路上的圖片8
至於治療,還是只有老招,以彈性襪或彈性繃帶加壓治療compression therapy,但即使如此,以目前的醫療水準,此症狀仍然是不可逆的。
1.Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ. Lower limb cellulitis and its mimics: part II. Conditions that simulate lower limb cellulitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67:177.e1.
2. Huriez C, Legache G, Desmons F, Ulcčres de jambes et trobles trophiques d´un millier d´origine veineuse. Rev Pract. 1955;5:2703-21.
3. Browse NL, Burnand KG. The cause of venous ulceration. Lancet. 1982 Jul 31;2(8292):243-5.
4.Burnand, K.G, Whimster, I, Naidoo, A, Browse, N.L. Pericapillary fibrin in the ulcer-bearing skin of the leg (the cause of lipodermatosclerosis and venous ulceration) . BMJ. 1982;285:1071–1072.
5. Stacey MC, Burnand KG, Bhogal BS, Pericapillary fibrin deposits and skin hypoxia precede the changes of lipodermatosclerosis in limbs at increased risk of developing a venous ulcer. Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 Aug;8(5):372-80.
6. Valencia IC, Falabella A, Kirsner RS, Chronic venous insufficiency and venous leg ulceration. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Mar;44(3):401-21; quiz 422-4.
7. Bruce AJ, Bennett DD, Lohse CM, Lipodermatosclerosis: review of cases evaluated at Mayo Clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002 Feb;46(2):187-92.
8. Nicholas A. Richmond, BS; Alejandra C., Practical Magic: Reducing Slippage of Multilayer Compression Bandages in Patients with a Venous Leg Ulcer and the Typical “Inverted Champagne Bottle” Leg , Ostomy Wound Manage 2013 http://www.o-wm.com/exclusives/practical-magic-reducing-slippage-multilayer-compression-bandages-patients-venous-leg-ulc
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